Stages of disc Prolapse and vertebral degeneration

The model illustrates degenerative changes to the vertebral bodies and

intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine in various degrees. Based on the

original cast of a human lumbar spine, even finest bone structures are

accurately depicted. The following conditions are shown from top to bottom:

• Intervertebral disc in healthy condition

• Lumbar vertebra (L1) without degenerative changes

• Intervertebral disc with protrusion

• Lumbar vertebra (L2) with beginning degenerative changes

• Intervertebral disc with medial prolapse

• Lumbar vertebra (L3) with advanced degenerative changes

• Intervertebral disc with intraforaminal prolapse on the right

• Lumbar vertebra (L4) with strong degenerative changes and bony

constriction of the left intervertebral foramen

• Extremely narrowed intervertebral disc

• Lumbar vertebra (L5) with strong degenerative changes and bony

constriction of the left intervertebral foramen with pressure on the spinal

nerve root L5 on the left.

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